Friday, September 26, 2025

Applying Nanomedicine to Empower Humanity

 



How is nanotechnology currently used in medicine?

Several coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines utilized nanoscale liposomes in the delivery of mRNA instructing for the production of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike protein with great success, protecting the sensitive nucleic acids from degradation during circulation and allowing direct translation across the cell membrane into the cytoplasm of cells throughout the body. 

While the mRNA vaccine component of the COVID-19 vaccines was relatively novel, liposomes have been used for drug and diagnostic agent delivery in patients for multiple decades, the first liposomal formula FDA approved in 1995 for the delivery of chemotherapeutic drug doxorubicin. 

Encapsulation of this highly toxic drug within liposomes extends circulation time and reduces side effects, promoting biocompatibility and safety, and liposomes have therefore since been adapted to various roles in nanomedicine, over a dozen specific chemotherapeutic-containing liposomal drugs currently FDA-approved as of 2022. 

Nanomaterials constructed from alternative materials such as organic polymers, metals, and metal oxides, present a number of additional advantages that may be exploited in nanomedicine, though represent a smaller proportion of approved materials. 

In one of their most basic diagnostic applications, the high density of metallic and metal oxide nanoparticles can allow them to be used as contrast enhancers during X-ray imaging, while magnetic nanoparticles such as those constructed from iron oxide have been used as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast enhancers.

Nanoparticles constructed from plasmonic materials such as gold and silver engage in a phenomenon known as surface plasmon resonance, the in-phase oscillation of conduction band electrons belonging to the nanomaterial with incident light. This phenomenon leads to the intense adsorption of light at the in-phase oscillation wavelength, trailing off rapidly at higher and lower wavelengths as cohesion is lost, and is generally observable by the eye as a particular color. 

For example, gold nanoparticles around 10 nm in diameter absorb light 520 nm in wavelength very strongly, at the blue/indigo end of the visible spectrum, and thus a colloidal dispersion of the particles appears red since light of these wavelengths is not absorbed. The particular wavelength of light that engages in surface plasmon resonance is dependent on the size, shape, and material composition of the nanoparticle and its immediate surroundings, and can be tuned throughout the visible and into the near infra-red regions. 

Gold nanoparticles are already used as colorimetric indicators in several products, including commercially available pregnancy tests and SARS-CoV-2 testing kits. 

The particles within these indicators are coated with molecules that will only interact with specific target molecules, in these cases hormones related to pregnancy or the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, respectively, and are thus bound to an indicator line or to one another in their presence, causing the appearance of a colored line or the shift of an existing indicator from red to blue as the particles coagulate. 

This same principle can allow nanoparticles to be used as in vivo biomarkers and diagnostic probes, since near infra-red light is able to penetrate several tens of millimeters through biological tissue safely, starkly indicating the location of target biomolecules to complimentary molecules bound to the surface of the particle. 

One of the few FDA-approved gold nanoparticle formulations is known as Aurolase, which exploits surface plasmon resonance to quickly heat the nanoparticles by the application of high energy light of the resonance wavelength in a technique known as thermal ablation. When properly localized within the tumor a local tissue temperature rise of only a few degrees is sufficient to cause protein denaturation and lead to apoptosis. 

Other types of radiation therapy may be enhanced using nanoparticles localized to the target site, and therefore allow a lower overall dose of radiation to be delivered with equivalent efficacy. For example, incident photons are capable of ejecting inner-shell electrons upon collision with nanoparticles, causing those in the valence shell to fall to fill the gap. 

The difference in energy between the electron and electron hole is emitted as a photon and may subsequently encounter and eject a second inner-shell electron, repeating the process. The large reservoir of delocalized electrons available to many metallic nanoparticles allows numerous low-energy electrons to be emitted in this way in a process known as an Auger cascade, though no formulation explicitly exploiting this process is yet approved.


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Wednesday, September 17, 2025

NANOMEDICINE SIMPLIFIED: HOW IT WORKS, USES, BENEFITS, SAFETY

 



Nanomedicine is an emerging and prospectively revolutionary field in healthcare that combines nanotechnology and medicine. It involves the use of tiny materials, or nanoparticles, to diagnose, treat, and prevent diseases at the molecular level. This cutting-edge technology can potentially transform healthcare, from early diagnosis to targeted therapy.

In this article, we will explore what nanomedicine is, how it works, as well as its potential benefits and controversies in the field of healthcare.

What is Nanomedicine?

Nanomedicine involves the application of nanotechnology in the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases. It involves the use of nanoscale materials to interact with the human body at the molecular level. These are typically between 1 and 100 nanometers in size.[1]

How Does Nanomedicine Work?

Nanomedicine works by using nanoparticles. Nanoparticles are particles of a very small size made of various materials such as metals, polymers, or lipids. Nanoparticles are designed to have specific uses and properties, such as:

  • Targeting specific cells or tissues.
  • Carrying drugs or imaging agents.
  • Interacting with the immune system.

When these nanoparticles are introduced into the body, they can travel through the bloodstream and reach specific cells or tissues. They can then release drugs or imaging agents or interact with the cells to deliver therapeutic effects.

Types of Nanoparticles Used in Nanomedicine

There are various types of nanoparticles used in nanomedicine, including[2]:

  • Lipid nanoparticles: Made of lipids, these form a protective layer around drugs or imaging agents, allowing them to be delivered to specific cells or tissues.
  • Polymeric nanoparticles: These are made of polymers, which are long chains of repeating molecules. They can be designed to have distinct properties, such as biodegradability or targeting specific cell receptors.
  • Metallic nanoparticles: Nanometals, such as gold or silver, can be used for imaging or improving drug delivery into cells. These can also act as semiconductors, enhancing imaging devices and diagnostics.
  • Carbon-based nanoparticles: Tiny carbon molecules, such as carbon nanotubes or graphene, can be used for tissue engineering or improving drug delivery.

Nanomedicine Benefits and Uses

Nanomedicine has the potential to revolutionize healthcare in various ways, including:

Early Detection and Diagnosis

One of the most significant benefits of nanomedicine is its potential for early detection and diagnosis of diseases. Nanomaterials can be used to target specific biomarkers or cells associated with diseases, allowing for early detection and diagnosis. This has greatly improved the development of medical devices, leading to more accurate diagnostics and improved patient outcomes.

For example, magnetic nanoparticles can be used in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to detect cancer cells at an early stage. These nanoparticles can be coated with specific molecules that target cancer cells, making them visible in MRI scans.

Targeted Drug Delivery[3]

Nanoparticles can also be used as drug-delivery vehicles, allowing for targeting particular cells or tissues. This targeted approach can reduce side effects and increase the therapeutic efficacy of drugs, especially intravenous injections.

For example, lipid nanoparticles can deliver drugs with anti-inflammatory effects to inflamed tissues, reducing the risk of systemic side effects. Additionally, nanomaterials can be combined to target specific cell adhesion molecules. These are involved in the progression of diseases such as cancer as well as chronic inflammation.

Nanocarriers coated with polyethylene glycol (PEG) are another widely utilized drug delivery system in nanomedicine. These enhance the stability and circulation time of drugs in the body. PEG nanoparticles are commonly used to deliver chemotherapy drugs to cancer cells, improving the therapeutic efficacy while minimizing side effects.[4]

Regenerative Medicine

Nanomedicine also has the potential to revolutionize regenerative medicine, involving the repair or replacement of damaged tissues or organs[5]. Nanoparticles can be utilized to deliver growth factors or stem cells to damaged tissues, promoting tissue regeneration.

For example, using lipid nanoparticles to deliver growth factors and anti-inflammatory drugs to damaged cartilage. This promotes the repair of cartilage tissue in patients with osteoarthritis.

Artificial Intelligence in Nanomedicine

Artificial intelligence (AI) is being integrated into nanomedicine[6], allowing for more precise and personalized treatments. AI algorithms can quickly analyze molecular imaging data to identify the most effective treatment for a patient with complex conditions such as cancer.

They can also be used to optimize the design and delivery of nanomedicine therapies. The algorithms can analyze the properties of nanoparticles, such as their size, shape, and surface chemistry, to optimize their effectiveness in drug delivery. This can help in developing targeted drug delivery systems that improve therapeutic efficacy and minimize side effects.

Overall, the integration of AI in nanomedicine holds great promise for enhancing the precision, personalization, and effectiveness of treatments, and ultimately propelling healthcare into the future.

Potential Controversies in Nanomedicine

While nanomedicine has the potential to revolutionize healthcare, it also raises some concerns and controversies.

Side Effects and Safety

One concern with nanomedicine is the potential side effects and safety of nanoparticles. While nanoparticles are designed to be biocompatible and biodegradable, there is still a risk of adverse reactions or long-term effects.

For example, some nanoparticles, such as carbon nanotubes, have been shown to cause inflammation and fibrosis in animal studies. Additionally, the long-term effects of nanoparticles on the human body are still unknown, and more research is needed to ensure their safety.

Nanoparticles and the Immune System

Another main concern with nanomedicine is the potential interaction of nanoparticles with the immune system. When nanoparticles are introduced into the body, they can be recognized as foreign objects, triggering an immune response. This immune response can lead to the formation of a protein corona.

What is Protein Corona in Nanomedicine?

Protein corona is the layer of proteins that forms around nanoparticles when they come into contact with biological fluids. This layer can alter the properties of nanoparticles, impact their behavior and interactions in the body, and affect their delivery and therapeutic efficacy.[7]

The protein corona is considered both a problem and an opportunity that helps and hinders the way nanocarriers function.

For example, it can attract essential nutrients, such as amino acids and vitamins, to the nanoparticle. This may contribute to the side effects seen in some preclinical trials. Yet, it may also be used to deliver additional antioxidants into the cells where they are needed. Protein coronas are being studied for their potential advantages as nutritional nanocarriers.

Nanosimilars[8] and Clinical Trials

Nanomedicine also raises questions about the regulation and approval of nanosimilars, which are similar versions of existing nanomedicines. These nanosimilars may have different properties or effects compared to the original nanomedicine, and their safety and efficacy need to be evaluated through clinical trials.[9]

However, clinical trials for nanomedicines can be challenging, as they require specialized imaging methods and techniques to track the distribution and effects of nanoparticles in the body. This can lead to delays in the approval of nanosimilars and the availability of new treatments.

Conclusion

Nanomedicine is an exciting and rapidly advancing field that has the potential to revolutionize healthcare. By using nanoparticles, nanomedicine can improve early detection and diagnosis, targeted drug delivery, and regenerative medicine. It also raises concerns about potential nanomaterial side effects and their regulation. With ongoing research and advancements in technology, nanomedicine has the potential to transform future disease prevention and treatment.


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Wednesday, September 3, 2025

Nanotech Glow: The Future of Skincare #Sciencefather #SrDoping #NanotechFuture #scientist



Barium ferrite (BaFe₁₂O₁₉) is a well-known magnetic material used in data storage, sensors, and microwave devices. But what happens when you dope it with strontium (Sr) and cobalt (Co)? The result is a supercharged nanoparticle with enhanced structural, magnetic, and electronic properties. 

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Saturday, August 30, 2025

CoO Nanocrystals: The Future of OER Catalysts! #Sciencefather #technician #Nanotechnology



The Oxygen Evolution Reaction (OER) is the bottleneck in clean energy technologies like water splitting and metal–air batteries. Enter Cobalt Oxide (CoO) nanocrystals—a rising star in electrocatalysis with atomic-level precision.

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Thursday, August 28, 2025

Atomic-Scale Magic: 2D Nanomaterials Unveiled! #Sciencefather #Professor #Nanotechnology



Imagine materials just one atom thick—that’s the breathtaking world of 2D nanomaterials. At the atomic scale, these ultra-thin wonders reveal properties impossible in bulk materials, sparking breakthroughs across science and technology. 

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Tuesday, August 26, 2025

Liposomal Emodin: The Psoriasis Game-Changer in Nanomedicine #Sciencefather #Professor #Nanomedicine



Psoriasis, a chronic inflammatory skin disease, has long challenged scientists and clinicians. Now, nanomedicine is stepping in with a powerful innovation: liposomal emodin.

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Sunday, August 24, 2025

Nanostructured Biomaterials Are Revolutionizing Cancer Therapy #Sciencefather #Professor #NanoCure



Cancer treatment is entering a new era with the rise of nanostructured biomaterials. These tiny yet powerful materials are reshaping how we target, treat, and monitor tumors—bringing precision medicine closer than ever. 

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Applying Nanomedicine to Empower Humanity

  How is nanotechnology currently used in medicine? Several coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines utilized nanoscale liposomes in the deliver...